A varicocele is an abnormal enlargement of veins in the scrotum. Normally, veins bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart, but when the blood cannot flow properly, blood builds up and causes veins to dilate. Disruption in blood flow can result from problems with or missing valves in the veins or blockage of the veins. Blockage of the veins can be caused by blood clots, tumors, enlarged lymph nodes, or compression between other blood vessels. Varicoceles are similar to varicose veins, which occur in the legs.
Varicoceles are common and occur in about 15% of males, particularly those between ages 15 to 25. Beginning during puberty, varicoceles typically grow slowly over time. Although most varicoceles are idiopathic, if a varicocele appears suddenly in men over age 40, kidney tumours should be considered.
Most varicoceles are asymptomatic, but the following symptoms may be present in the scrotum:
Not all varicoceles affect fertility, but they are a common cause of decreased fertility. Most varicoceles are on the left side, and one third of patients are affected on both sides. Right side only varicoceles likely indicate that a clot or tumour may be blocking blood flow.
The physician will perform a physical exam, but if the varicocele is small, it can be difficult to see or feel. During the exam, you will be asked to stand and hold your breath while bearing down, also known as the Valsalva maneuver, as the physician feels the scrotum for enlarged veins. An ultrasound may also be ordered to see the veins and testes sizes.
The interventional radiologist will make a small incision in the groin and enter the femoral vein. Next, using a series of wires and tube the testicular vein will be accessed. The gonadal vein will be occluded. Different approaches can be used to occlude the vein including placement of sclerosants, coils, as well as other techniques.
